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In order to examine the full spectrum of human behavior it is essential to explore social behavior, behavior that involves interactions with other people. Social psychology, the subject matter of this chapter, is the systematic study of how exchanges with these others in our environment influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions. Interpersonal Attraction: Who Likes Whom, and Why? Interpersonal attraction exists between two people when they make, or wish to make, more approach responses than avoidance responses to each other.  It should be noted that attraction is not necessarily interpersonal. It is interpersonal only if the attraction is mutual. First, physical appearance plays an important role in interpersonal attraction.  Second, personality traits are a set of factors. It is sometimes said that opposites attract. Third, interests are sets of factors. Fourth, the matching hypothesis states that interpersonal attraction is fostered when two people ...

Treatment for mental disorders is given in the form of various kinds of therapy. Therapy consists of procedures that aim to either cure sick people or alleviate their suffering.  Psychologically based therapies begin with the assumption that mental disorders are caused by emotional conflicts, maladaptive learning, cognitive errors, or similar behavioral processes.  Psychotherapy is the general term applied to any kind of psychologically based therapy.  Biologically based therapies begin with the assumption that mental dis-orders are caused by actual pathology of the brain and nervous system.  Drug therapy is the most common form of biologically based therapy. It is characterized by the prescription of certain chemical agents that have been shown to either eliminate or reduce the severity of symptoms associated with various mental disorders. Psychodynamic Therapy: Exploring Unconscious Roots Psychodynamic therapy is any kind of psychotherapy that ...

Abnormal behavior is a major public health problem. Depression is sometimes called the common cold of mental disability. Chronic anxiety in the form of persistent worry is approximately as common as depression. About 1 percent of adults suffer from schizophrenia, a severe mental disorder. This percentage translates into a figure approaching 2 million people in the United States alone. Conservatively, about one in ten adults have some kind of definable mental health problem. Defining Abnormal Behavior: It Takes More than Deviation Abnormal behavior is behavior that deviates from a given norm or standard of behavior. It takes more than deviation alone for a behavior pattern to be considered pathological. Additional criteria help mental health professionals to identify the presence of a mental disorder.  First, there is almost always suffering associated with a mental disorder. Often it is the self that suffers. Depression, anxiety, and confusion are mi...

How Does Your Personality Affect Your Behavior? A workable definition of personality is that it is the constellation of traits unique to the individual. Your personality is like a psychological fingerprint. Only you have your particular personality. Your personality contains the self, the personality as viewed from within, as you yourself experience it. These points will be elaborated in later sections. Your Traits: Are You Introverted or Extroverted? A very early type-trait theory was the one presented by Hippocrates, who was often identified as the father of medicine, about 400 B . C . According to Hippocrates, there are four personality types: The dominant trait of a sanguine personality is optimism. The dominant trait of a choleric personality is irritability. The dominant trait of a melancholic personality is depression. The dominant trait of a phlegmatic personality is sluggishness. Another classical personality theory, was proposed about sixty years ago by t...

The Orgasm: The Peak of Sexual Pleasure Here are the four stages of the sexual response cycle: Excitement is characterized by increases in blood pressure, pulse, and respiration rate. During the stage of plateau, prior increases in physiological activity are maintained at a more or less constant level. The orgasm is an involuntary response in both sexes. During the stage of resolution the individual becomes temporarily unresponsive to sexual stimulation. Female Sexual Dysfunctions: When Sex Is Not Satisfactory There are three sexual dysfunctions associated primarily with females: Female sexual arousal disorder exists when the female does not respond to the kind of stimulation that is otherwise expected to induce excitement. An older term for this disorder, now considered to be obsolete, is frigidity. Female orgasmic disorder exists when the female is seldom, or never, able to attain an orgasm during sexual activity. A female suffering from the disorder often experienc...

There are also developmental stages associated with adulthood.  Developmental psychology is the study of the growth and maturation of the individual over an extended span of time. Child psychology is a subset of developmental psychology. It concerns itself primarily with the study of the individual from birth to the beginning of adolescence (usually around the age of twelve or thirteen). Adolescent psychology is also a subset of developmental psychology. It concerns itself primarily with the study of the individual from the beginning of adolescence to its end (usually around the age of eighteen). Biological Aspects of Development: From Fertilized Egg to Infant A chromosome is a rodlike structure that contains genes. A chromosome is so named because it is capable of picking up a dye, making the structure visible under a microscope. Chromo refers to color, and soma refers to body. Thus a chromosome is a “colored body.” A gene is the basic unit of heredity. It is ma...